How Child Abuse and Neglect Is Linked To Juvenile Crimes - 825 Words

How Child Abuse and Neglect Is Linked To Juvenile Crimes (Research Paper Sample) Content: How Child Abuse and Neglect Is Linked To Juvenile CrimesNameInstitutionHow Child Abuse and Neglect Is Linked To Juvenile CrimesChild abuse and neglect, collectively referred to as child maltreatment, is a major social problem, not only in the U.S, but also all over the world. In the U.S, it is estimated that over a million children become victims of child abuse and neglect every year, raising high concerns over the safety and welfare of children in the country (Picker, 2014). Child maltreatment may be in the form of physical abuse or harm, sexual abuse or general child neglect among others. It is associated with various negative effects to children. Some of the effects can appear in their childhood, or sometimes in their adolescence or adulthood. According to researches, it is believed that the effects of child maltreatment affect various aspects of a childs development ranging from physical, psychological, cognitive, to behavioral aspects of their development (Goldma n et al., 2003). Owing to children vulnerability to maltreatment, there is substantial evidence linking the harmful or inadequate parenting to juvenile crimes.According to researches, child abuse and neglect increase the propensity of a child to commit crime (Chen et al., 2011). It is believed that when children are neglected at tender ages, they develop higher tendency to indulge in risky behaviours such as drug and alcohol abuse, violence perpetration and other bad behaviours. Children, who develop through their childhood with substantial care and supervision from their guardians or parents, tend to develop healthy relationships with other people and be happy, which prevent them from indulging in unhealthy behaviors that are associated with stress-related delinquencies. Those who lack considerable care are likely to feel insecure and this may influence them to develop poor social skills that may result to peer problems. Accordingly, such a child would eventually have a deteriorati on of self-esteem, which is a form of emotional problem that leads children to delinquent behaviors. Although the effects of emotional abuse on children are understudied, some researches have looked at how emotional abused children are influenced to delinquency. According to Evans and Burton (2013), children who underwent emotional abuse tend to develop high rates of negative emotions such as anger that could lead to delinquency. The same notion is explained by the strain theory that elucidates the connection existing between life stressors and increased level of delinquent behaviors. A group of researchers identified that a considerable correlation exists between physical abuse of a child and later violent perpetration. Although there are some contradicting findings about the extent to which the level of physical abuse can influence a child to delinquency, researchers agree that children who face physical abuse and neglect are more prone to committing crime more than their counterp arts who did not undergo the same experience. As researched by Evans and Burton (2013), sexual abused children commit significantly more status offenses than their counterparts who have not gone through the same experience. Further researches indicate that children, who have experienced physical, sexual abuse, and domestic violence, tend to exhibit greater levels of depressive symptoms. This eventually drags them into delinquent behaviors, leading the victims to juvenile courts. When children are subjected to adverse life experiences, this pervasively impact on their healthy brain development and biological stress response systems causing trauma. According to De Bellis (2005) as cited in Chen et al. (2011), adverse life experiences cause the elevation of the stress hormone cortisol. Too much stress is known to cause depression and mental disturbance, and therefore, children suffering from this, owing to their abuse and neglect, are susceptible to anger and consequently delinque nt behaviours. In response to the traumatic experiences, the children indulge in using drugs and alcohol as a way to relieve themselves from such memories. In a study conducted by Dube et al. (2003), the findings indicated that children, who experienced more severe abuse and neglect during their childhood, are more likely to report illicit drug use problems. Such drug abusing behaviour may develop to lead the child into committing other drug related crimes such as the possession of illicit drugs, which is a crime in many states. Child abuse and neglect is a serious social issue that should be given the seriousness it deserves in order to mitigate the problems associated with it, to improve the welfare of children in the society. Overal...

United Thermostatic Controls Eth 376 Essay - 951 Words

United Thermostatic Controls ETH 376 June 25, 2012 Susan Paris United Thermostatic Controls This paper will show the legality of the activities that happened within United Thermostatic Controls based on federal, state, and local laws. As this case is examined the Sarbanes-Oxley act will be discussed as it played a role in this case because United is a publicly owned company. Also this paper will show the ethicality, if the activities were equitable to internal and external stakeholders, and what is the next step based on everything that has happened. Ethics is something that should always be at the forefront of every decision a company makes because if an unethical act is committed it will come out at some point, and†¦show more content†¦The main criteria that needs to meet in regard to the SAB 101 is that delivery has occurred or services have been rendered this criteria must be met before revenue is recognized (Phillps, Luehlfing, amp; Daily, 2001). In this circumstance delivery or partial delivery has occurred but there is a pos sibility of the shipments being returned because of the shipping instructions of the customers. There are times when exceptions to these rules do exist, and when that type of circumstance arises there must be clear communication between the external auditors and the finance departments. Next are the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the criteria that would apply to the case of United Thermostatic Controls. Section 401 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act pertains to this case because this section discusses that financial reports are to be accurate and presented in a manner that does not contain incorrect statements or admit to state material information (Soxlaw, 2006). If United was to make the choice to commit fraud by reporting revenue during the fourth quarter just to raise revenue based on purchase orders not due to be shipped until early 2011 this would go against SOX. The SOX was created to prevent and punishShow MoreRelatedEthics Case 3-3: United Thermostatic Controls Case932 Words à ‚  |  4 PagesLegality and Ethicality of Corporate Governance ETH 376 Ethics Case 3-3: United Thermostatic Controls Case The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the legality and ethicality of the corporate governance activities that occurred in an ethics case presented in the text. The paper will provide relevant details regarding the legality of the activities, the criteria by which Sarbanes-Oxley would apply to this case, the ethicality of the activities, whether or not the activities were equitable

Compare and contrast Alexander II and Alexander III Essay

Compare and contrast Alexander II and Alexander III Although they were father and son, the reigns of Alexander II and Alexander III took off in completely different directions. Alexander II was committed to his empire by vowing to reform Russia, making it more in line with nineteenth-century western society. His son, on the other hand, was the unprepared tsar, whose actions were literally reactions to his father’s unexpected assassination. Consequently, Alexander II went down in history as much more productive in the field of domestic policy; in dealing with revolutionaries; and in his foreign policy than his son Alex III would ever be. 1855 was a tough time for Alexander II to take the throne. Russia was in the middle of a costly war†¦show more content†¦Alexander III’s stance on domestic issues came as no surprise. As a youngster, he was tutored by Konstantin Pobodonestev, a conservative, forceful man who strongly opposed Western ideology. Pobodonestev’s ideas and beliefs rubbed off on the young boy, and he blamed his father’s liberal-minded reforms as the cause for his murder. Seeking to strengthen the autocracy, he gave officials the power to declare a state of emergency, and to arrest or fine anyone unreliable. He also cleverly cut off schools by setting up discriminatory admission rules, against women, poor families, and the Jews. He then forced the expansion of Russian culture and language by forcing everyone in the nation to speak, write, and think in Russian; otherwise known as Russification. Alexander III preferred having as much control as possible over his people, something he did not have in common with his father. Despite all the work Alexander II did toward reforming Russia, the â€Å"Era of Great Reforms† left one crucial aspect unaltered: the power of the emperor. The intentional neglect of this was what kept the reforms from realizing their true potential. This led to dissatisfaction, which encouraged repression, terror, and most importantly: revolution. The first was the Polish Rebellion, caused by the failure of Russian authorities to suppress Polish nationalism. Although the Poles failed, other minorities sprung up for their voiceShow MoreRelatedAlexander II vs Alexander III752 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and contrast the domestic policies of Alexander II and Alexander III Alexander II and his successor and son, Alexander III, inherited Russia in different states and degrees of turmoil. Due to these pressures, both were required to make alterations to the systems in place, such as that of politics and economics. However the natures of their crisis were different and therefore the subsequent modifications varied and were, in many cases, controversial. Alexander II came to power in 1855Read MoreEssay on comparing alexander II and alexander III887 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Compare and contrast the social and economic policies of Alexander II (1855-81) and Alexander III (1881-94) of Russia. Alexander II and Alexander III were both Tsars of Russia and they both believed in the divine will to rule the people. However Alexander II is said to be more liberal than Alexander III though they were both conservative in one way or the other in their social and economic policies because they both wanted to remain with the power over the people. Alexander II was more relaxedRead MoreModels Of Curriculum Development : Lattuca And Starks Model1466 Words   |  6 Pagesmodel of curriculum development, Saylor, Alexander, and Lewis’s (1981) administrative model, and Oliva’s (2009) curriculum development model. The works of Saylor, Alexander, and Lewis (1981), and Oliva (2009) were chosen for this assignment, as our textbook authors cited neither. I decided on this approach because our authors do an excellent job of explaining the history and foundation of their work. The assignment requires completing a compare and contrast of existing models. I recognize there areRead MoreCase Analysis : The Jodi Arias Story And Her Whereabouts Changed Three Times1689 Words   |  7 PagesI. Introduction The Jodi Arias became a common name across media when she allegedly murdered her ex-boyfriend Travis Alexander in Mesa, Arizona. Jodi Arias lived in California and became interested in practicing photography, this is important because later evidence that would be essential when photos of the murder were discovered. Arias and Alexander had been dating for nearly two years before going their separate ways just weeks before Alexander’s murder. Over the course of the interrogationRead MoreThe Essential Questions5521 Words   |  23 Pagescounter-Renaissance, but the counter-Renaissance won the day. Rationalism and foundationalism of the modern period is a logical or direct outgrowth of the Renaissance, but in some important ways a reversal of the original Renaissance spirit. Compare and contrast the Northern Renaissance with the Mediterranean Renaissance? In some areas the Northern Renaissance was distinct from the Italian Renaissance in its centralization of political power. While Italy and Germany were dominated by independentRead MoreHistory HL Paper 3 Europe6131 Words   |  25 Pages13 marks] for focus on why Louis became king, then lost the throne. [14 to 16 marks] for analysis in a focused and structured essay. [17+ marks] for a balanced and perceptive treatment of both parts. –7– 5. M08/3/HISTX/HP3/ENG/TZ0/EU/M+ Compare and contrast the roles of Cavour and Garibaldi in Italian unification between 1852 and 1861. The dates of the question refer to the period between Cavour’s appointment as prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, and his death. Garibaldi was concerned with ItalianRead MoreMain Components of a Micro-Processor Essay1437 Words   |  6 PagesSection (II) give description of various units and operations of ALU, Section (III) briefly presents the designing of various ALU components such as Shifter, adder, subtractor etc. using conventional complementary design. Section (IV) present the GDI technique. Section (V) present the simulation results and performance analysis of various ALU blocks with complementary and GDI technique and comparison of their performance optimized area. Finally the work is concluded in Section (VI) II. ARITHMETICRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 PagesIndians. What specific developments illustrate that the English living in the plantation colonies tried to apply these lessons? (25 pts) 2. Compare and contrast the ways in which tobacco and sugar affected the social and economic development of colonial America (10pts) Chapter 3 Study Guide â€Å"Settling the Northern Colonies† 1. Compare and contrast the motives of the their founders, religious and social orientation, economic pursuits, and political developments of TWO of the early colonialRead MoreIb History Rise of the Single State Parties6245 Words   |  25 Pagescan have 3 compare 3 contrast, 4 compare 2 contrast, or 4 contrast 2 compare *make sure Compare and Contrast are separate Common Limitations: ââ€"  Subjective (Language, Tone, Style) ââ€"  Proximity to Event ââ€"  Selective use of information ââ€"  Political Bias ââ€"  Historian - National/ Social Influence/ Bias ââ€"  General texts lack depth/detail ââ€"  Language Issues (Translation, foreign documents) ââ€"  Face Saving ââ€"  Propaganda ââ€"  Exaggeration ââ€"  Soviet Secrecy and Manipulation of Question 2 - Compare and Contrast StatisticsRead More Shakespeares Portrayal of Henry V as the Model Monarch Essay3059 Words   |  13 Pagesfrom the King of France. Henry sends a menacing reply in response to this insult, saying that the Dauphin will bear responsibility for a great deal of death and destruction. He then tells his nobles to prepare for war with France. ACT II. The Chorus describes the excitement as the army gets ready to depart from Southampton, but he warns that there are traitors in the English ranks. We witness a quarrel between Pistol and Nym over Nell Quickly, who was supposed to be

Micrmarketing Mix of Foodmaster free essay sample

The FoodMaster company is a leading manufacturer of dairy products in Kazakhstan and it gained the garland for launching many dairy categories in our Republic. The company manufactures the widest range of products among domestic manufacturers and is always aspiring to satisfy the tastes and demands of the Kazakhstani. Among the favorite consumer products arethe yogurt, the sour cream, the home curd, Dolce yogurts, Bio-C Immune+ curdled milk, and many others. Currently, the company plants produce more than 100  kinds of dairy products. Every year the company updates the range, offering new products with improved flavor to the Kazakhstani. Since 2004, FoodMasterhas been the member of the Laktalic International Group (France) — the worldleader in producing high quality dairy products, bringing together over 200  companies around the globe. FoodMastercompany is the first Kazakhstani food company, which in 2001  began to implement a quality management system ISO and obtained the certificate in 2004. Since 2010, the company has implemented the international system of food safety — HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Points). We will write a custom essay sample on Micrmarketing Mix of Foodmaster or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The principles applied in the system of HACCP, substantially reduce the risk of hazard to human life and health. HACCP allows to foresee risks in food production and, thus, provides consumers with a guarantee of product safety. Product 1. Kefir from FoodMaster – is a healthy dairy drink. It has been known to many generations of Kazakhstani families and is very popular. Kefir from FoodMaster favours the recovery of the body system being a storage of natural minerals and vitamins. Among them there are vitamins necessary for human body, such as vitamin A, ? carotene, vitamin D, vitamin B1, B2, and vitamin C. Besides the health benefits Kefir from FoodMaster has an invigorating and refreshing flavour. * Packaging: TetraTop 1000  g; TetraBrik with a cap 500  g, TetraBrik with a cap 1000g; FinPaket 1000  g. * Fat: 2. 5%, 3. 2%. * The product is ‘live’: not thermised and contains no preservatives. * Use within 21  days, requires refrigeration. * Storage Temperatu re: 4  Ã‚ ± 2 °C. 2. Lapped Milk BIO-C Immun+ – Lapped Milk BIO-C Immun + it’s our favourite and healthy sweet vanilla flavoured or fruit jam lapped milk. It was clinically proven* that due to the unique formula of Vitamin C + lactobacilli Immunalis, Lapped Milk BIO-C Immun + helps to strengthen the natural immunity. * Packaging: TetraTop 500  g;TetraBrik with a cap 500  g; TetraBrik with a cap 1000  g; * Fat: 3. 2%. * Flavours: peach, vanilla, strawberry. * Use within 21  days: the product is ‘live’, not thermised, requires refrigeration. * Storage Temperature: 4 ±2 °Ã ¡. *Clinical studies were conducted by the Institute of Cardiology and Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Two groups participated in the test: Group 1  Ã¢â‚¬â€ 50  people, patients of the clinic n. 7  in Almaty, within 30  days drank daily 500  ml of Lapped Milk BIO-C Immun +, Group 2  Ã¢â‚¬â€ similar in age and sex, did not drink Lapped Milk BIO-C Immun +. The results showed that the ‘regular use of Lapped Milk BIO-C Immun + increases the content of lymphocytes in the blood (T-lymphocytes, T-helper cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) in case of their deficiency. ’ These cells (also called a T-killer cells), being the main components of antiviral immunity, carry out the natural destruction of the cells damaged by viruses and bacteria. The Institute of Cardiology and Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Health of Kazakhstan clinically proved that Lapped Milk BIO-C Immun + strengthens natural immunity and makes you more protected! 3. Dolce Yoghurt Drink from FoodMaster – is a gentle creamy drinking yoghurt made from milk of the highest quality, with large cantles of natural juicy fruit! Yoghurt Drink is available in a handy package of choice and has excellent flavour. * Packaging: TetraTop 500g; plastic bottle 300  g. * Fat: 2. 5%. * Flavours: strawberry, cherry, peach. * Use TetraTop within 21  days, plastic bottle – within 30  days. The product is ‘live’, not thermised, requires refrigeration. * Storage Temperature: 4 ±2 °Ã ¡. 4. Lactel Milk with Vitamin D – is the only milk RANGE with vitamin D in Kazakhstan. Calcium is known to be better absorbed in the presence of vitamin D. But, given the unfavourable environmental situation of most cities, the amount of UV light penetrating through the thick smog, is significantly reduced, and, consequently, decreases the synthesis of vitamin D in the body. It is therefore necessary to ensure a daily intake of vitamin D * for adults and especially children.

Twins and the College Application Essay

College admissions ask applicants to share their unique qualities and interests, but how do you do that when youre a twin?GoQuakers, who is currently studying at the University of Pennsylvania, shares how she approached the college application essay as a twin:Starting the Common App personal statement essay has a way of channeling everyone’s biggest insecurity throughout the college process: â€Å"What if the most unique thing about me is just not unique enough?† Admittedly, I was no exception to this paradigm. In fact, I ended up choosing to write about my experience as an identical twin. My twin sister, by the way, was applying to nearly the same exact list of schools as me. You can probably understand my dilemma. Being an identical twin was the immediate subject I considered writing about for the Common App prompt â€Å"Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story.† However, I almost shook this thought from my head straightaway, simply because I assumed that it was the â€Å"obvious† thing to write about. I felt colleges would see this as something that was built into my life rather than a project I decided to dedicate my soul to or a place that I have found personal contentment in, a subject that solely was about my interests and personality. I was so caught up in sounding exotic and diverse that during my initial consideration of the prompt, I didn’t think it was enough to write about how being a twin has actually made me a more distinct person. To be honest (and warning: extremely sentimental), being an identical t win has truly been the greatest blessing in my life. This role has not only taught me how to be a member of a team, but ironically also how to differentiate myself as an individual that can stand on her own and follow her own destiny. Not a lot of people realize this paradox. As an identical twin, it is often vital to mentally distinguish your fascinations and quirks from those of your sibling as you embrace the qualities that you and your twin share in order to fulfill a greater sense of self. When I tried to generate more ideas for the prompt, I realized that I didn’t have quite as much to say regarding other accomplishments and experiences. When I finally ran through ideas with a counselor, he noticed this, too, and told me that I was crazy to insist on not going with my gut instinct. Of course, I listened. Coming from this process, I have two words of advice: be genuine. It’s called a personal statement for a reason. Even if you have an idea that is great in theory, you have to have a lot to say about it, because that it ultimately what conveys passion to admissions officers. That’s right: admissions will see right through your essay if all it consists of is lofty concepts and baroque diction rather than a true bond between the subject and the writer. You could have gone on an amazing service trip during which you saved tens of children from starvation in Sub-Saharan Africa, but if you really don’t connect with that experience on the deepest level possible, that is not necessarily what you should be writing about. On a general note, I urge applicants to think long and hard about finding a topic that is completely distinct and sincere in regard to what has shaped them and to make sure that they run through their ideas with a counselor, family, friends, or all of the above. That’s what I did, and hey, I’m going to my dream school this coming fall, so something here must have gone right. Want to read the final version of the essay that got her accepted to UPenn? You canunlock her profileand read her full application. For more inspiration, make sure to search through profiles of students accepted to seeessays, stats, and advice. See how they got in, and how you can too!

Modeling Meiosis Lab Lesson Plan

Modeling Meiosis Lab Lesson Plan Sometimes students struggle with some concepts that relate to evolution. Meiosis is a somewhat complicated process, but necessary to mix up genetics of offspring so natural selection can work on a population by choosing the most desirable traits to be passed down to the next generation. Hands-on activities can help some students grasp the concepts. Especially in cellular processes when it is difficult to imagine something so small. The materials in this activity are common and easily found. The procedure does not  rely on expensive equipment like microscopes or take up a lot of space. Preparing for Modeling Meiosis Classroom Lab Activity Pre-Lab Vocabulary Before starting the lab, make sure students can define the following terms: MeiosisChromosomeCrossing OverHaploidDiploidHomologous PairGametesZygote Purpose of the Lesson To understand and describe the process of meiosis and its purpose using models.   Background Information   Most cells in multicellular organisms like plants and animals  are diploid. A diploid  cell has two sets of chromosomes that form homologous pairs.  A cell with only one set of chromosomes are considered haploid. Gametes, like the egg and sperm in humans, are examples haploid. Gametes fuse during sexual reproduction to form a zygote which is once again diploid with one set of chromosomes from each parent. Meiosis  is a process that starts with one diploid cell and creates four haploid cells. Meiosis is similar to mitosis and must have the cells DNA replicate before it can begin. This creates chromosomes that are made up of two sister chromatids connected by a centromere. Unlike mitosis, meiosis requires two rounds of division to get half the number of chromosomes into all of the daughter cells.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meiosis begins with meiosis 1 when homologous pairs of chromosomes will be split.  The stages of meiosis 1 are similarly named to the stages in mitosis and also have similar milestones: prophase 1: homologous pairs come together to form tetrads, nuclear envelope disappears, spindle forms (crossing over may also happen during this phase)metaphase 1: tetrads line up at the equator following the law of independent assortmentanaphase 1: homologous pairs are pulled aparttelophase 1: cytoplasm divides, nuclear envelope may or may not reform The nuceli now only have 1 set of (duplicated) chromosomes. Meiosis 2 will see the sister chromatids split apart. This process is just like mitosis. The names of the stages are the same as mitosis, but they have the number 2 after them (prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2). The main difference is that the DNA does not go through replication before the start of meiosis 2. Materials and Procedure You will need the following materials: String4 different colors of paper (preferably light blue, dark blue, light green, dark green)Ruler or Meter StickScissorsMarker4 paper clipsTape Procedure: Using 1 m piece of string, make a circle on your desk to represent the cell membrane. Using a 40 cm piece of string, make another circle inside the cell for the nuclear membrane.Cut 1 strip of paper that is 6 cm long, and 4 cm wide from each color of paper (one light blue, one dark blue, one light green, and one dark green) Fold each of the four strips of paper in half, lengthwise. Then place the folded strips of each color inside the nucleus to represent a chromosome before replication. The light and dark strips of the same color represent homologous chromosomes. At one end of the dark blue strip write  a large B (brown eyes) on the light blue make a lower case b (blue eyes). On the dark green at a tip write T (for tall) and on the light green write a lower case t (short)Modeling interphase: to represent DNA replication, unfold each paper strip and cut in half lengthwise. The two pieces that result from cutting each strip represent the chromatids. Attach the two identical chromati d strips at the center with a paperclip, so an X is formed. Each paper clip represents a centromere.4 Modeling prophase 1:  remove the nuclear envelope and put it aside. Place the light and dark blue chromosomes side by side and the light and dark green chromosomes side by side.  Simulate crossing over by measuring and cutting a 2 cm tip for a light blue strip that includes the letters you drew on them earlier. Do the same with a dark blue strip. Tape the light blue tip to the dark blue strip and vice versa. Repeat this process for the light and dark green chromosomes.Modeling metaphase 1: Place four 10 cm strings inside the cell, so that two strings extend from one side into the center of the cell and two strings extend from the opposite side into the center of the cell. The string represents the spindle fibers. Tape a string to the centromere of each chromosome with tape. Move the chromosomes to the center of the cell. Make sure that the strings attached to the two blue chromosomes  come from opposite sides of the cell (same for the two green chromosomes).  Modeling anaphas e 1: Grab onto the ends of the strings on both sides of the cell, and slowly pull the strings in opposite directions, so the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell. Modeling telophase 1: Remove the string from each centromere. Place a 40 cm piece of string around each group of chromatids, forming two nuclei. Place a 1 m piece of string around each cell, forming two membranes. You now have 2 different daughter cells. MEIOSIS 2 Modeling prophase 2: Remove the strings that represent the nuclear membrane in both cells. Attach a 10 cm piece of string to each chromatid.Modeling metaphase  2:   Move the chromosomes to the center of each cell, so they are lined up at the equator. Make sure the strings attached to the two strips in each chromosome come from opposite sides of the cell.Modeling anaphase  2: Grab onto the strings on both sides of each cell, and pull them slowly in  opposite directions. The strips should separate. Only one of the chromatids should have the paper clip still attached to it.Modeling telophase  2: Remove the strings and paper clips. Each strip of paper now represents a chromosome. Place a 40  cm. piece of string around each group of chromosomes, forming four nuclei. Place a 1m string around each cell, forming four separate cells with only one chromosome in each.    Analysis Questions Have students answer the following questions to understand the concepts explored in this activity. What process did you model when you cut the strips in half in interphase?What is the function of your paper clip? Why is it used to represent a centromere?What is the purpose of placing the light and dark strips of the same color side by side?How many chromosomes are in each cell at the end of meiosis 1? Describe what each part of your model represents.What is the diploid chromosome number of the original cell in your model? How many homologous pairs did you make?If a cell with a diploid number of 8 chromosomes undergoes meiosis, draw what  the cell looks like after Telophase 1.What would happen to an offspring if cells did not undergo meiosis before sexual reproduction?How does crossing over change diversity of traits in a population?Predict what would happen if homologous chromosomes did not pair in prophase 1. Use your model to show this.

Realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Realism - Essay Example Therefore, even if not a constant state of war, international relations would appear a state of â€Å"relentless security competition, with the possibility of war always in the background† (Mearsheimer, â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å", 9). This paper examines the role of institutions in the system of international relations, most notably their capacity, or alternatively, incapacity to prevent war and foster stability, as perceived by the realist tradition; as well as the degree to which institutions actually contribute to cooperation in a realist world. 2. Realism and International Institutions There are between four and five major assumptions about the international system identified with realism, which actually denote the main lines of realist tradition and form the basis for the development of any hypothesis or theory (Viotti and Kauppi 55; Mearsheimer, â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å", 10). ... at stipulate the ways in which states should cooperate and compete with each other†, prescribing acceptable forms of state’s behavior, as well as the unacceptable ones; while other definitions encompass virtually all of international relations, i.e. from tariff bindings to war (â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å", 8). According to Young, however, the latter is too broad a definition for a meaningful concept (cited in Mearsheimer 8). Realists, in turn, recognize that states operate – at least sometimes – through institutions (Mearsheimer, â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å", 13). Insofar as in non-hierarchic political orders each political actor, i.e. state, must count on its own resources to realize its interests, and order is not imposed by a higher authority, but rather arises from the interactions between formally equal political partners, institutions – as understood by Mearsheimer (see above) – inevitably reflect states’ calculations of se lf-interest (Waltz 107; Donnelly 17; Mearsheimer, â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å", 13). Thus, according to realism, the most powerful states in the international system â€Å"create and shape institutions so that they can maintain their share of world power, or even increase it†; hence institutions largely mirror the distribution of power within the system (Mearsheimer, â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å", 13). Or in other words, institutions are regarded as â€Å"arenas for acting out power relationships† (Mearsheimer, â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å", 13). Assuming that states are the principal actors in the international system, institutions – as a set of rules defining states’ behavior – are negotiated by states and inevitably entail the mutual acceptance of higher norms, â€Å"defined in terms of rights and obligations† (Mearsheimer, â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å",